Climate change is hard to predict, it requires a high level of analysis, sophistication and powerful computers. However, patterns can still be observed and possible effects can be predicted, and these can be considered during the CLUP process. There have been estimates that the effects of climate change to water level rise can be felt within a period of 10 years, which is the planning period of the CLUP. Due to the lengthy coastlines of the country, the effects of sea level rise is a matter that warrants investigation.

The objective is to make the LGUs aware of the possible effects of climate change and global warming to its territory.

The image below is an extract from a digitized contour map with 20 M interval (0,5 dpi grey lines): The map shows the contour lines indicating the steepness or flatness of the land. Contour lines which are close to each other mean slope is steep while those farther apart indicates gentler slope of land. It is, therefore, used to interpret the slope % classes. There is however no need to acquire a contour map if a slope map is available.

EM04 Erosion

A fault is a fracture in the Earth's crust along which two blocks of the crust have slipped with respect to each other. A fault may be active or inactive. An active fault is a fracture caused by an earthquake that has occurred within the last 100 years while an inactive fault is vice versa.

An earthquake is a sudden rapid shaking of the earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the earth's surface. Earthquakes can cause buildings and bridges to collapse, disrupt gas, electric and phone lines, and often cause landslides, flash floods, fires, avalanches, and tsunamis. Larger earthquakes usually begin with slight tremors but rapidly take the form of one or more violent shocks, and end in vibrations of gradually diminishing force called aftershocks. The underground point of origin of an earthquake is called its focus; the point on the surface directly above the focus is the epicenter. The magnitude and intensity of an earthquake is determined by the use of scales like the Richter scale and the Mercalli scale.

Hazards that are associated with faults and earthquakes are liquefaction, earthquake induced landslides and tsunami.

Active volcanoes are also risk areas if there is one in the municipality/city or in the vicinity. There is great danger to both property and lives whenever an eruption occurs. The permanent danger zone should be free from any structure and inhabitants to prevent loss of property and lives.

Similarly, identified landslide prone areas should also be clear of inhabitants and permanent structures. It is also important that these be included in a dataset if there are any such areas in the municipality/city.

Subsidence areas are areas where grounds are likely to fall which can endanger lives and properties.

These are just some of the hazards that an area may have. Some agencies might have other datasets (fault lines (inactive), liquefaction, etc.) These areas should be likewise be investigated and their effects be discussed with experts (PHIVOLCS, NAMRIA, individual geologists, etc.) on how they can help the LGU planners include these in their plans.

The information to be derived is not intended to scare aware investors but to provide information to LGUs and enforce necessary mitigating measures to manage disaster (for example through zoning, controlled development on affected areas, height requirements on buildings, additional safety features on structures, etc).

The objective of this GIS analysis is to present the fault line areas/Earthquake prone areas, volcanic hazard, landslide prone and subsidence areas on the map as input to the Risk and Suitability Map.

EM05 Fault line 
EM06 Volcanic Hazard 
EM07 Tsunami 
EM08 Landslide 
EM09 Subsidence

Pollution should be controlled and there are already a number of laws that should be applied for pollution control, such as the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Toxic Substances and Nuclear Waste Control Act, Solid Waste Management Act and other laws.

The objective is to show the polluted water sources, and areas with poor air quality as a consideration in determining suitable urban areas.

EM10 Water Quality Monitoring 
EM11 Air Quality Monitoring 
EM12 Noise Pollution Source

Environmentally Critical Projects (ECP) are projects or industries that have critical environmental impacts and therefore need to undergo environmental impact assessments and need to acquire Environmental Compliance Certificates (ECC) prior to implementation. Even though the LGU may not play a significant role in the environmental impact assessment system it is important to monitor these projects in order to plan for the appropriate location of these projects vis-à-vis residential and other land uses.

The CLUP must reflect these areas and projects. Some ECA may need to be surrounded by buffer zones so that the adjacent land will be free from intensive land use and thus protecting the ECAs. In the same way, buffer zones around ECPs can be used to prevent residential or agricultural land use in the vicinities of these projects.

The objective of this IP is to present an inventory as complete as possible regardless of what has already been analyzed in other IPs.

To identify the different Environmental Critical Projects, refer to the projects that have been given an ECC. These can be categorized in the following classes:

1. heavy industry;
2. extractive resource;
3. infrastructure project;
4. golf course

EM14 Environmentally Critical Projects

The custodians of this data are the EMB and LLDA. Simply capture the data into the CLUP table and digitize the locations from a secondary source map, or undertake a GPS survey where these locations are measured and then transferred into the CLUP GIS. The feature types here will be points or polygons.

The steps below will guide the presentation of the ECAs based on selections from other CLUP tables. However, if the EMB can provide the map of ECAs, this should enable the creation of a dataset from this source and use this as a comparison to the features that are selected within step 4.

LM05 NIPAS
Basically, every type of NIPAS should constitute an ECA. This is valid for both type 1 (existing NIPAS) and type 2 (new NIPAS). It should be noted that the ECAs are categorized differently from NIPAS.

LM06 Non-NIPAS
Select all features that are classified as mangrove.

LM08 Ancestral Domain
Select all features.

LM09 Cultural Heritage
Select all features.

For the following layers, please refer to guidelines.

EM03 Flood
Select the flood prone areas

EM04 Erosion
Select the erosion prone areas

LM07 SAFDZ
Select all features that are strategic types or categorized as NPAAAD.
The other SAFDZ types may qualify to be an ECA, and there will be a need to verify the remaining areas by hand.